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PHP to Rust
Characters
p>Rust's code>char /code> is a 32-bit Unicode scalar value (one character). PHP uses strings; a "character" is typically a single-byte or multi-byte substring. /p> h2>Rust /h2> pre> code class="language-rus
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PHP to Rust
Smart user input classifier solution
Here is one clean solution for the Smart User Input Classifier exercise. Rust solution fn classify_value(n: i32) -> (&'static str, &'static str) { let sign = if n > 0 { "positive" } else if n &...
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PHP to Rust
Smart user input classifier exercise
Build a small Rust program that classifies optional user inputs with pattern matching. Exercise: Smart User Input Classifier Goal Practice these chapter 2 topics together: Variables and mutability Scalar and composite...
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PHP to Rust
Pattern matching with Option
Option<T> represents an optional value: Some(T) or None. Matching handles both cases exhaustively. PHP uses null for absence; nullable types and ? provide similar semantics. Rust fn show_age(name: &str, age:...
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PHP to Rust
Matching ranges
Rust supports range patterns with ..= (inclusive). PHP match does not support range patterns; use if/elseif or conditions. Rust fn main() { let x = 5; match x { 1..=5 => println!("One through five"), 6..=...
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PHP to Rust
Adding conditional logic with match guards
Match guards are if conditions after a pattern. The arm runs only when the pattern matches and the guard is true. PHP match has no guards; use if/else or conditions inside the arm. Rust struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }...
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PHP to Rust
Combining patterns
Use | in Rust to match multiple patterns in one arm. PHP match can list multiple values per case. Rust fn main() { let x = 1; match x { 1 | 2 => println!("One or two"), 3 => println!("Three")...
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PHP to Rust
Matching with variables
Patterns can bind matched values to variables. In Rust, use variable names in patterns; match guards add extra conditions. PHP match returns values but does not destructure or bind like Rust. Rust fn main() { let pair...
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PHP to Rust
Matching literals
Patterns can match literal values directly. Both Rust and PHP support this. Rust fn main() { let number = 1; match number { 1 => println!("One"), 2 => println!("Two"), 3 => println!("...
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PHP to Rust
Pattern matching with match
match in Rust is an exhaustive pattern matcher. It can match literals, variables, ranges, enums, structs, and more. PHP 8’s match is an expression-based switch that compares by identity. Rust fn main() { let number ...
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PHP to Rust
Nesting loops
Loops can be nested to iterate over multidimensional data. Same idea in both languages. Rust fn main() { let matrix = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]; for row in matrix.iter() { for element in row.iter() { print!(&q...
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PHP to Rust
Using ranges with the for loop
Rust ranges provide start..end (exclusive) and start..=end (inclusive). PHP uses C-style for or range() for similar iteration. Rust fn main() { for n in 1..5 { println!("{}", n); // 1, 2, 3, 4 } for n in 1.....
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PHP to Rust
The for keyword
Rust’s for iterates over an iterator (e.g. arrays, ranges, collections). PHP’s for is C-style; foreach is used for iteration. Rust fn main() { let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]; for element in a.iter() { println!(&quot...
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PHP to Rust
The while keyword
while repeats while a condition is true. The condition must be a bool in Rust. PHP coerces the condition to boolean. Rust fn main() { let mut number = 3; while number != 0 { println!("{}!", number); number -...
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PHP to Rust
The loop keyword
loop creates an infinite loop. Use break to exit and continue to skip to the next iteration. PHP has no direct equivalent; use while (true). Rust fn main() { let mut counter = 0; loop { counter += 1; println!("Co...
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PHP to Rust
Loop constructs
Rust provides loop (infinite), while, and for. PHP has while, do-while, for, and foreach. Rust fn main() { // loop: infinite until break let mut count = 0; loop { count += 1; if count == 2 { break; } } // while: condi...
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PHP to Rust
if and else statements
Conditional execution with if, else if, and else. Rust requires the condition to be a bool; PHP coerces values to boolean. Rust fn main() { let number = 7; if number < 5 { println!("Less than 5"); } else ...
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PHP to Rust
Control flow constructs
This section summarizes control flow in Rust and PHP. Key points Conditionals: Rust if/else require bool; PHP coerces to boolean. [See 2.31] Loops: Rust has loop, while, for (iterator-based); PHP has while, do-while, ...
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PHP to Rust
Enum methods
Like structs, Rust enums can have methods and associated functions defined in impl blocks. PHP enums can have methods as well. Rust enum Message { Quit, Move { x: i32, y: i32 }, Write(String), ChangeColor(i32, i32, i3...
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PHP to Rust
Destructuring enums
Matching on enum variants lets you extract their data. Rust supports full destructuring; PHP can destructure arrays, but enum-like class hierarchies are usually handled with instanceof and property access. Rust enum M...
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PHP to Rust
Matching with enums
Pattern matching on enums lets you handle each variant and extract its data. PHP uses match for backed enums and instanceof or match for class hierarchies. Rust enum Message { Quit, Move { x: i32, y: i32 }, Write(Stri...
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PHP to Rust
Defining enums
Rust enums can have variants with no data, tuple-like data, or struct-like named fields. PHP enums are simpler and backed by scalars; complex cases use classes or interfaces. Use case A common pattern is modeling ever...
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PHP to Rust
Enums
define a type by listing its variants. Rust enums can hold associated data (like structs per variant), making them more expressive than PHP enums or backed enums. Rust enum Color { Rgb(u8, u8, u8), Named(String)...
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PHP to Rust
Methods and associated functions
In PHP, a class usually bundles properties and methods in one class Rectangle { ... } block. Rust splits that into two pieces: a struct (or enum) for data, and one or more impl TypeName { ... } blocks for functions th...
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PHP to Rust
Struct initialization and update syntax
Rust’s struct update syntax (..existing) lets you create a new instance by copying most fields from another and overriding a few. PHP typically does this manually or with a copy/clone helper. Rust struct User { user...
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PHP to Rust
Unit structs
have no fields. They are used as type markers or to implement traits without carrying data. PHP has no direct equivalent; marker classes or empty classes are the closest. Use case: marker types with no pa...
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PHP to Rust
Tuple structs
have unnamed fields identified by index. They give a type name to a tuple and are useful when you want a distinct type without named fields. PHP has no direct equivalent; arrays or objects with positiona...
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PHP to Rust
Classic structs
use named fields. They are the most common Rust struct type and correspond closely to PHP classes with public properties. Rust struct User { username: String, email: String, sign_in_count: u64, active:...
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PHP to Rust
Structs
Later in the course: Composite Types and the Module System revisits structs together with ownership of fields, modules and crates, and enums. Treat this chapter as the syntax-first pass; chapter 5 is the integration p...
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PHP to Rust
Strings
Rust has two main string types: String (owned, growable) and &str (borrowed slice). PHP has a single string type that is copy-on-write. From the previous lesson: On Slices we introduced borrowing and slice views, ...
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PHP to Rust
Slices
In PHP, array_slice() gives you a new array with part of the data. In Rust, a slice is simpler: it points at part of an existing array or Vec (type &[T]). It does not copy the whole list into something new. For te...
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PHP to Rust
Arrays
In Rust, arrays are fixed-length and all elements share the same type. PHP arrays are dynamic and can mix types and key types. Can you add more elements to a Rust array? Not if you mean [T; N]. A Rust array has a leng...
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PHP to Rust
Tuples
A tuple groups a fixed number of values of (possibly different) types. PHP does not have tuples; you use indexed arrays or short arrays instead. Rust fn main() { let point: (i32, i32) = (10, 20); let mixed: (i32, f64,...
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PHP to Rust
Compound types
bundle more than one value into one typed value. Where a scalar is a single integer, float, bool, or char, a compound value is “several things that travel together”, still one binding in Rust, but w...
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PHP to Rust
Booleans
Both Rust and PHP have a boolean type. The main difference is how strict the type system is and how other values convert to boolean. Rust fn main() { let is_rust_fun: bool = true; let is_compiled: bool = false; if is_...
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PHP to Rust
Floating-point numbers
Rust has two floating-point types: f32 and f64. PHP has a single float type (double precision). Rust fn main() { let x: f64 = 3.14; // Default, double precision let y: f32 = 2.5_f32; // Single precision let sum = x + ...
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PHP to Rust
Integers
Rust offers many integer types with fixed sizes. PHP has a single int type (usually 64-bit). Rust integer types What do the numbers (8, 16, 32, …) mean? The suffix on each type is the width of the value in bits, how...
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PHP to Rust
Scalar types
A scalar type holds one atomic value at a time, not a bundle of fields, not a sequence of elements, not a pointer to a heap allocation described by this type alone. Think “one number,” “one true/false,” or “...
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PHP to Rust
Data types and structures
This section summarizes Rust and PHP data types and composite structures; we’ll look at each of these in more detail throughout this chapter. Key points Rust: Scalars (integers, floats, bools, chars), tuples, arrays...
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PHP to Rust
Variable declarations and mutability
This section summarizes how variables and mutability work in Rust and PHP. Key points Rust: Variables are immutable by default; use mut for mutation. See 2.1 Immutable variables, 2.2 Mutable variables PHP: Variables a...
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PHP to Rust
Shadowing
in Rust lets you use let again with the same name. Each time you do, you get a new binding. From that point on in the same scope, the name refers only to the newest binding, you can’t use that name to reac...
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PHP to Rust
Mutable variables
When you need a variable that can change, use mut in Rust. In PHP, variables are mutable by default, so no extra keyword is needed. Rust fn main() { let mut x = 5; println!("The value of x is: {}", x); x = 6...
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PHP to Rust
Immutable variables
In Rust, variables are immutable by default. Once you assign a value, it cannot be changed unless you explicitly use mut. This is the opposite of PHP, where variables are mutable unless you use const or readonly. Rust...
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PHP to Rust
Step 3: Running the program
You’ve wired up the calculator in src/main.rs. Now run it from your project folder (the same directory that contains Cargo.toml). Compile and run In a terminal: cargo run cargo run does two things in one step: it bu...
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PHP to Rust
Step 2: Writing the calculator logic
The calculator will: Prompt for two numbers Ask for an operation (+, -, *, or /) Perform the calculation and display the result Replace the contents of src/main.rs with this code: use std::io; fn main() { println!(&qu...
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PHP to Rust
Step 1: Setting up your project
We'll build a simple CLI calculator to practice Rust. First, create the project: cargo new cli_calculator cd cli_calculator Open src/main.rs in your editor and you're ready to code. What's next Next: Step 2: Writing t...
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PHP to Rust
Creating a library with cargo init --lib
To create a library (reusable crate) instead of a binary, use the --lib flag: cargo new --lib your_library_name Or, in an existing directory: cargo init --lib This generates src/lib.rs instead of src/main.rs. Librarie...
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PHP to Rust
Initializing a new Rust project with cargo init
Cargo offers two ways to set up a project: cargo new and cargo init. cargo new, Creates a new project in a new directory. Use this when starting from scratch. cargo init, Initializes a project in the current directory...
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PHP to Rust
Running your project with Cargo
Instead of running cargo build and then executing the binary yourself, use: cargo run This compiles the project if needed and runs the binary. If nothing changed since the last build, Cargo skips recompilation and run...
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PHP to Rust
Building your project
With your project set up and dependencies in place, you can build using Cargo. By default, Cargo builds in debug mode: cargo build This creates a binary in target/debug/. Debug builds compile quickly and include bette...
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Browse the library

Topics

Courses

Characters

Smart user input classifier solution

Smart user input classifier exercise

Pattern matching with Option

Matching ranges

Adding conditional logic with match guards

Combining patterns

Matching with variables

Matching literals

Pattern matching with match

Nesting loops

Using ranges with the for loop

The for keyword

The while keyword

The loop keyword

Loop constructs

if and else statements

Control flow constructs

Enum methods

Destructuring enums

Matching with enums

Defining enums

Enums

Methods and associated functions

Struct initialization and update syntax

Unit structs

Tuple structs

Classic structs

Structs

Strings

Slices

Arrays

Tuples

Compound types

Booleans

Floating-point numbers

Integers

Scalar types

Data types and structures

Variable declarations and mutability

Shadowing

Mutable variables

Immutable variables

Step 3: Running the program

Step 2: Writing the calculator logic

Step 1: Setting up your project

Creating a library with cargo init --lib

Initializing a new Rust project with cargo init

Running your project with Cargo

Building your project