To make an object iterable and to make it appear like a collection of objects.

Note - Standard PHP Library (SPL) defines an interface Iterator which is best suited for this! Often you would want to implement the Countable interface too, to allow count($object) on your iterable object

Book

namespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Iterator;

class Book
{
    public function __construct(private string $title, private string $author)
    {
    }

    public function getAuthor(): string
    {
        return $this->author;
    }

    public function getTitle(): string
    {
        return $this->title;
    }

    public function getAuthorAndTitle(): string
    {
        return $this->getTitle() . ' by ' . $this->getAuthor();
    }
}

BookList

namespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Iterator;

use Countable;
use Iterator;

class BookList implements Countable, Iterator
{
    /**
    * @var Book[]
    */
    private array $books = [];
    private int $currentIndex = 0;

    public function addBook(Book $book)
    {
        $this->books[] = $book;
    }

    public function removeBook(Book $bookToRemove)
    {
        foreach ($this->books as $key => $book) {
            if ($book->getAuthorAndTitle() === $bookToRemove->getAuthorAndTitle()) {
                unset($this->books[$key]);
            }
        }

        $this->books = array_values($this->books);
    }

    public function count(): int
    {
        return count($this->books);
    }

    public function current(): Book
    {
        return $this->books[$this->currentIndex];
    }

    public function key(): int
    {
        return $this->currentIndex;
    }

    public function next()
    {
        $this->currentIndex++;
    }

    public function rewind()
    {
        $this->currentIndex = 0;
    }

    public function valid(): bool
    {
        return isset($this->books[$this->currentIndex]);
    }
}

IteratorTest

namespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Iterator\Tests;

use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Iterator\Book;
use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Iterator\BookList;
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class IteratorTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testCanIterateOverBookList()
    {
        $bookList = new BookList();
        $bookList->addBook(new Book('Learning PHP Design Patterns', 'William Sanders'));
        $bookList->addBook(new Book('Professional Php Design Patterns', 'Aaron Saray'));
        $bookList->addBook(new Book('Clean Code', 'Robert C. Martin'));

        $books = [];

        foreach ($bookList as $book) {
            $books[] = $book->getAuthorAndTitle();
        }

        $this->assertSame(
            [
                'Learning PHP Design Patterns by William Sanders',
                'Professional Php Design Patterns by Aaron Saray',
                'Clean Code by Robert C. Martin',
            ],
            $books
        );
    }

    public function testCanIterateOverBookListAfterRemovingBook()
    {
        $book = new Book('Clean Code', 'Robert C. Martin');
        $book2 = new Book('Professional Php Design Patterns', 'Aaron Saray');

        $bookList = new BookList();
        $bookList->addBook($book);
        $bookList->addBook($book2);
        $bookList->removeBook($book);

        $books = [];
        foreach ($bookList as $book) {
            $books[] = $book->getAuthorAndTitle();
        }

        $this->assertSame(
            ['Professional Php Design Patterns by Aaron Saray'],
            $books
        );
    }

    public function testCanAddBookToList()
    {
        $book = new Book('Clean Code', 'Robert C. Martin');

        $bookList = new BookList();
        $bookList->addBook($book);

        $this->assertCount(1, $bookList);
    }

    public function testCanRemoveBookFromList()
    {
        $book = new Book('Clean Code', 'Robert C. Martin');

        $bookList = new BookList();
        $bookList->addBook($book);
        $bookList->removeBook($book);

        $this->assertCount(0, $bookList);
    }
}